Social Media Abstracts
The Use of Social Media and its Impact on the Texas Tech Community
Abstract
This paper discusses the use of social media and its effects. The class of ESL 5315 Academic Writing (Fall 2016) conducted a survey across the Texas Tech University campus by asking random people to fill out a questionnaire. The informants included undergraduates, graduates, faculty and staff members from Tech. This survey helped us to validate our five hypotheses made previously. The results of our survey give some interesting findings of the role of social media in the lives of people, privacy concerns and its use in studies. We found that undergraduates are more into social media than graduates and faculty. Texans have a mixed opinion of personal privacy on social media being controlled by the government. (Abhishek Kumar)
Keywords: government intervention, privacy, social media, Texas Tech University, undergraduate
Issues posed on Social Media & their effects
Abstract
Social Media have been incorporated in our daily life, which engenders multiple positive and negative impacts in our daily social, economic, psychological, and personal lives. Thus, it is very much important to assess their roles in our regular life. For the scrutiny of the function of social media, some important hypotheses were developed on the basis of the opinions from few experts and personal experience. Then, a brief but rigorous survey upon mutual agreement had been conducted on TTU students to obtain the insights of future potentials. Thenceforth, critical analysis was performed on the hypotheses, with the valuable suggestions and advice from every participant of the ESL class of TTU, based on the students’ opinion. This important analysis would help us to understand the multiple positive and negative effects of social media in our regular life. Furthermore, it was assist us to optimize the usage of social media in our daily life.
(Minhaz)
Keywords: Social media, social change, survey.
Study of the perceptions of Texas Tech University’s Community on Social Media
Abstract
This paper explores the perceptions of people from Texas Tech University (TTU)’s community about social media. A survey research consisting of Social Media, Parental Leave and the Black Lives Matter Movement was conducted, among which we analyzed 18 questions related to social media. We collected a total of 294 surveys. Some hypotheses were confirmed by survey results while some were not. Our project could be beneficial for people to understand what the Texas Tech community thought on social media. We found out the major purpose of TTU people using social media was news review. We noticed that functions from social media, such as re-posting and ‘likes’, would have an impact on TTU people’s minds. Meanwhile, the TTU community cared about online privacy issue and expected control from government. It is interesting that TTU people showed morality when involved in online conflicts. Although we completed the project, we believed that it still had a lot of places to improve. (Tianyu Chen)
TTU Students’ Perception of Social Media
Abstract
In this paper, TTU students’ perception of different issues of social media is studied. A survey about social media is made for TTU students in order to find out TTU students’ views on social media. We want to know which kind of social media sites is the most popular for TTU students; how the social media influences TTU students’ lives; what the effect of social media is on TTU students; whether or not social media benefits TTU students’ study or work; whether TTU students are worried about personal privacy being compromised in social media; whether most TTU students think their mood would be altered by some words; how TTU students respond to conflicts in social media; and so on. Based on the results of survey, various reasons TTU students answer the way they do are analytically detailed. TTU students have various ideas for different issues of social media. (Yiting Dong)
Keywords: social media, students, Texas Tech University
Analysis of social media issues in the Texas Tech Community
Abstract
Social media plays an important role in our young generation lives; thus, we are interested in understanding their conceptions about this issue. To get the information, we, academic writing course 5315, designed a survey to understand their opinions about social media. This article is talking about the results of the survey and its analysis. Basically, we want to see the difference between different groups including male and female, undergraduate and graduate students, and also find a little fact about Texans and non-Texans by analyzing the results of the survey. This article also provides some previous literature for the information related to this research. In conclusion, we got desired information and make a solid analysis. (Cheng-Ta Cho)
Keywords: social media, Tech community, survey, American students
Saturday, January 7, 2017
Parental Leave Abstracts
Parental Leave Abstracts
Survey of Parental Leave at Texas Tech University
Abstract
This project studied Texas Tech University (TTU) students’ perception of parental leave. A survey was conducted on 291 participants from TTU community. We found that TTU students were more likely to support the idea that paternal leave should be equal to maternity leave or be extended. We also found that Texan students were more likely to support government control of parental leave than to oppose it. Most TTU students said that they would take parental leave even if their bosses or peers did not take it. Furthermore, we found that female TTU students would prefer companies offering parental leave more than male students would. (Yu Hua)
Study on Parental Leave Policy
Abstract
This paper discusses the opinion of Texas Tech community on the current issue of Parental Leave policy, specifically in the United States of America. In this paper, a study was carried to analyze the opinion of TTU community based on a survey. Our class of ESL 5315 course had questions based on parental leave policy in the United States and decided to carry out a survey by asking few questions. These survey questions were asked based on interesting hypotheses which were based on what we think about Texas Tech community would answer. Interestingly, we found that the Texas Tech community is more in favor of government involvement, independently take their decisions, and is not in favor of equal maternal and paternal leave; males are more in favor of presidential nominees based on their stance on parental leave and Texas Tech community favors a company more which has existing parental leave policy. (Pradeep Vyawahare)
Views of Parental Leave from Texas Tech Community
Abstract
Parental leave in the U.S is worse compared to the rest of the world. Lots of debates regarding this issue have proceeded for a while. We conducted a survey to investigate how the Texas Tech University community thinks about Parental Leave. Our results showed that older people and females cared more about parental leave and wanted more rights. Also, although Texans did not like government involvement in business, still more than half of both Texans and non-Texans support parental leave. More people did not believe Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump would actually make a policy of paid parental leave even if they promised they would. (Rui Liu)
Research on Testing Tech’s Students’ Perceptions of Parental Leave
Abstract
The paper is aimed to test Texas Tech’s students’ perceptions of parental leave. Firstly, a thorough literature review including 15 news articles was made for us to obtain the basic perception of low parental leave coverage in the United States now. Secondly, based on the literature review, five hypotheses of different angles were made to compare with students’ potential reactions. Then a questionnaire was made by ourselves, allocated to students in Tech and combined together for analysis in the end. According to the data of our survey, basic judgements on five hypotheses towards Tech students’ perceptions was made, which were different to the author’s predictions. The paper also discusses possible reasons for the difference and proposes some revising advice for the questionnaire. (Jin Hao)
Keywords: perceptions; parental leave
Survey of Parental Leave at Texas Tech University
Abstract
This project studied Texas Tech University (TTU) students’ perception of parental leave. A survey was conducted on 291 participants from TTU community. We found that TTU students were more likely to support the idea that paternal leave should be equal to maternity leave or be extended. We also found that Texan students were more likely to support government control of parental leave than to oppose it. Most TTU students said that they would take parental leave even if their bosses or peers did not take it. Furthermore, we found that female TTU students would prefer companies offering parental leave more than male students would. (Yu Hua)
Study on Parental Leave Policy
Abstract
This paper discusses the opinion of Texas Tech community on the current issue of Parental Leave policy, specifically in the United States of America. In this paper, a study was carried to analyze the opinion of TTU community based on a survey. Our class of ESL 5315 course had questions based on parental leave policy in the United States and decided to carry out a survey by asking few questions. These survey questions were asked based on interesting hypotheses which were based on what we think about Texas Tech community would answer. Interestingly, we found that the Texas Tech community is more in favor of government involvement, independently take their decisions, and is not in favor of equal maternal and paternal leave; males are more in favor of presidential nominees based on their stance on parental leave and Texas Tech community favors a company more which has existing parental leave policy. (Pradeep Vyawahare)
Views of Parental Leave from Texas Tech Community
Abstract
Parental leave in the U.S is worse compared to the rest of the world. Lots of debates regarding this issue have proceeded for a while. We conducted a survey to investigate how the Texas Tech University community thinks about Parental Leave. Our results showed that older people and females cared more about parental leave and wanted more rights. Also, although Texans did not like government involvement in business, still more than half of both Texans and non-Texans support parental leave. More people did not believe Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump would actually make a policy of paid parental leave even if they promised they would. (Rui Liu)
Research on Testing Tech’s Students’ Perceptions of Parental Leave
Abstract
The paper is aimed to test Texas Tech’s students’ perceptions of parental leave. Firstly, a thorough literature review including 15 news articles was made for us to obtain the basic perception of low parental leave coverage in the United States now. Secondly, based on the literature review, five hypotheses of different angles were made to compare with students’ potential reactions. Then a questionnaire was made by ourselves, allocated to students in Tech and combined together for analysis in the end. According to the data of our survey, basic judgements on five hypotheses towards Tech students’ perceptions was made, which were different to the author’s predictions. The paper also discusses possible reasons for the difference and proposes some revising advice for the questionnaire. (Jin Hao)
Keywords: perceptions; parental leave
Tuesday, December 6, 2016
Analysis of social media issues in the Texas Tech Community- ChengTa Cho
Academic
Writing Course 5315:
Analysis
of social media issues in the Texas Tech Community
Cheng-Ta
Cho
Texas
Tech University
Abstract
Social media plays an important role in
our young generation lives; thus, we are interested in understanding their
conceptions about this issue. To get the information, we, academic writing
course 5315, designed a survey to understand their opinions about social media.
This article is talking about the results of the survey and its analysis.
Basically, we want to see the difference between different groups including
male and female, undergraduate and graduate students, and also find a little
fact about Texans and non-Texans by analyzing the results of the survey. This
article also provides some previous literature for the information related to
this research. In conclusion, we got desired information and make a solid
analysis.
Keywords: social media, Tech
community, survey, American students
Introduction
Social media brings lots of convenience
in our life; however, it also leads to some negative impacts toward students.
In the past, communicating with friends or families who were in long distance
is limited. The only method for them to contact with each other is the phone.
Now, we can use social media to easily send a message to our friends or
families, even though they are offline. Besides, social media can help us find
the old friends that we lost connections for a long time. Despite the advantages
it brings us, it still results in some issues especially for students. In the
ESL5315 academic writing course, we want to understand the conceptions of Texas
Tech University students. Texas Tech University is located in Lubbock, Texas.
In this school, it is full of students from the U.S.A or other countries as
well as different genders, and the enrollment is around 35,000. We would ask
around two hundred students to fill out the survey we design. Although two
hundred students are not statistic accurate and not able to represent the whole
student body, the purpose is that we would like to learn from their responses.
We are interested in social medial issues and I am especially interested in how
social media affects their lives. Students may have various opinions towards
the social media issues. For example, when being asked what negative impacts
that social media cause, some may say lose some privacy, while other may say
too much information. After analyzing those surveys, we can fully understand
different students’ thoughts and opinions about these issues. This result can
be provided for the future academic use when the topic is related to this
issue.
Literature
Review
The first question we address here is
how social media affects students’ lives. According to this article (Karadkar,
2015), one of critical impacts is "identity crisis" which means that
student can create a virtual identity through the social media, and it gives
them freedom to do what they want. Whenever one of their friends posts a
certain thing, they would be forced to do the same thing to reflect their
emotions. As a result, their behaviors would greatly be affected by their
friends rather than their parents and teachers. Besides, a survey (Davis, 2013)
shows that frequently use of social media would lead female first-year college
students to get poor grades. They also found that average time for using social
media is 12 hours a day which is a surprising number. Schill (2011) also claims
that social media encourages teen to negative behaviors such as drinking or
drugs. Apart from the negative impact upon student; there are still many
advantages for student to use. For example, Dunn (2011) mentions that students
using social media can improve rate of collaboration with others. Because of
spending much time on the new technology, students would be more aware of and
be more creative of computer science and other electronic devices. A survey () demonstrates that teenagers
feel more positive than negative toward the social media. For example, in more
than one thousand corresponds, approximately 28% of them said that social media
makes them more outgoing, while just 5% feel less so. In this article, it also
shows that around 29% of them said the social media makes them feel less shy,
but only 3% of them said it make them feel more shy. These results clearly
point that teenagers think that they benefit from the social media than subject
to them, and this can be applied to the undergraduate students of Texas Tech
University.
The next question we want to discuss is
that do we feel happy when using the social media? A study in (Leopold, 2015)
shows that "social media actually makes you depressed" (Leopold,
2015, para1). The reason is that social media is like a part of human being.
Through the social media such as Facebook, you would also find others always
have better lives than you do and this is where depression comes from. Another
study (Widdowson, 2016) also shows the same results. According to their
research, the more time spending on the social media websites, and more
frequently visiting to the social media websites would lead to high level of
depression. Possible reason is that the upset people are strongly depend on
social media websites. The interesting is that other research finds the
opposite results. According to Park (2014), the research demonstrates that
being on Facebook can actually make us happier.
They also find an interesting fact. A positive post on Facebook can
minimize two times of negative post. For example, if we see a post that would
make us happy can actually lower the influence of two posts that would make us
unhappy. Indeed, most of time, researchers would focus those detrimental
effects toward people. However, it is ourselves to decide how we use the social
media. Erin (2014) puts the strong emphasis on stopping the comparisons. She
also describes the social media as the place "where we are in a
never-ending competition with our friends" and "people would get down
when this situation becomes too much and too stressful" (Erin, 2014, para.5).
According to the author, happiness is the key to make you feel energetic, and
enthusiastic by posting some joyful moments on the social media websites, but
we have to remember is that this is not a happiness competition.
Another important issue is that whether
social media would actually affect our health? In (Probst, 2015),
this article demonstrates several ways that social media possibly affect our
health especially for the mental. The most common one is social media is
addiction. Many people use social media for "distraction and boredom
relief" (Probst, 2015, para.5).
The reason why people would get addition to the social media is that they can
like or comment to reinforce themselves by posting the information. Other
factor is that "social media makes us restless"(Probst, 2015, para.7). According to the author, around two-thirds
of people cannot relax when they are not able to use social media. In (Whiteman, 2015), the researchers found
that people are more anxious and socially insecure are more likely to use
social media websites. This research also shows that people who are addiction
to the Facebook is taking this way as getting the attention and enhancing the
self-esteems. Indeed, these behaviors are detrimental to our health. According
to Dr.
Rauch, "We know that many people on social media sites
often present idealized versions of their lives, leading others to make upward
social comparisons, which can lead to negative emotions" (Whiteman, 2015, para.4). In addition, a survey (Whiteman, 2015) investigated that two thirds of participants have
difficulty relaxing and sleeping after using the social media websites.
Besides, other research (Udorie,
2015) demonstrates that teenagers
who use the social media would increase the level of the anxiety and depression
as well as damage their sleeping. The
separate study also found that
"girls seek comfort on social media when they are worried" (Udorie, 2015, para.5). This result shows that girls are
more likely to experience the stress than boys do.
Hypotheses
1.
We expect that
female students would report that they use social media more frequently than
male students do, primary because when female feel lonely, they tend to use social
media to find some company or chat with their friends and many literatures also
support this fact.
2. There are many articles debating whether social
media would bring students happiness. In my opinion, I think that they would
claim that using social media would make them feel happier than not using it.
3. According to my observation, Facebook is the social
media website most students use frequently. I believe more than 50% our student
respondents in the Texas Tech like it best.
4. Since social media plays an important role in the
students’ lives, I speculate that undergraduate students would use social media
more time than graduate students do.
5. In my opinion, Texas Tech University students who
are originally from Texas are less likely to be in favor of government control
of the personal privacy in social media than other Americans from other states
are since from the previous experience, they didn’t want the government to
interrupt their business.
Methods
section
In the academic writing 5315 course, we
wanted to know 300 Texas Tech students’ perception of the following issues:
social media, parental leave, and Black Lives Matter. I wanted to know their
perceptions about social media. I wanted to compare the female and male students
with respect to their frequencies of using the social media. Which group says
they use it more frequently? I also wanted to know how the social media
affected their lives. Do they feel happy when they use it? Which social media
do they use more frequently? Besides, do undergraduate students spend less time
on the social media? Finally, are the Texans more in favor of the government
control of the personal privacy in social media than other groups are? To
investigate this answer, two classes worked together to make up a survey. We
had an agreement that each person should ask 6 American males, 6 American
females, and other groups such as international students, and so on. These
people should be in the Tech community. Our survey process was restricted to
the busy people and we didn’t spend money to ask students to do it. The busy
people may not be represented since they were in hurry and may not have had
enough time to read through and think about the questions in the survey. The
process was that we went to somewhere like student union building, library or
other places to ask for 12 people who wanted to do the survey for us.
The survey included four parts:
demographic questions, social media, parental leave, and Black Lives Matter. In
the demographic section, we asked five questions to investigate the gender,
age, birthplace, and whether our respondents were undergraduate or graduate as
well as whether they had children. In the social media section, it had eighteen
questions. Among them, five of questions which are tailored to my interests.
All the questions of the survey were well designed; therefore, it provided rich
information we needed and matched with what I wanted to know.
In my opinion, this survey was being
done in a right way, since we asked questions in a simple and direct way so
that our respondents could easily understand the meaning of questions.
Our respondents were
roughly half female and half male, and around 70% of them were undergraduate
while the remaining 30% were the graduate. As the demographic part,
approximately 65% of total participants were from Texas, 20% of them were from
other states of US, and 15% of them were from other countries. The age of most
respondents was around 18 to 22 years old and just a few of them had children.
Overall, it was representative in terms of gender, but we did not consider
other factors, for example, the race, economic status, major, and so on. Since
we are out of time and funding, it is impossible for us to investigate all
other factors that are not shown in the survey. One thing to keep in mind is
that again we didn’t want to be data analysts to analyze the whole population
of students in the Tech community, but we wanted to learn their conceptions of
different issues.
Results
Results
I believed that female students would
spend more time on the social media than male students do because female
students claim that they use social media to find a company while they feel
lonely or bored. In fact, we found that this hypothesis is true. Female
students spend more time on the social media and this funding shows that they
use social media more often than male students do. The data we collected can
support this hypothesis. Here, we define the longer time as more than two
hours. According to our data, 62% of female students use social media more than
two hours a day while only 41% of male students use social media more than two
hours a day. This can be solid evidence to verify my hypothesis. This finding
is important since we can not only compare whether which group spends more time
on social media but also understand the habits of our young generation. Besides
the time, we also analyze which social media application male or female like
most. Based on our data, both the number of female and male groups who use
Facebook is greater than others using different social media. One thing we must
be careful is that although most of people in these two groups use Facebook but
the ratio of each group is not over 50%. Thus, we may not conclude that Facebook
is the most popular social media among female and male groups.
I believe that our participants would
claim that they think social media brings them a positive impact on their
social life. If they claim so, it would make them feel happy since the positive
impact on their social life always plays an import role in the emotions. If
not, they may feel depressed or upset. In reality, we found that most of the
respondents are say that they think social media has a positive impact on their
social life. Around 49% of respondents say that they think social media has a
positive impact on their social life while just 15% respondents say that it’s
negative to their social life. This number is close to the half of the
respondents but it’s what I expect. In brief, this hypothesis is right. This
result is obvious simply because if using the social media cannot bring you a
positive impact or make you happy in your life, you won’t want to use them.
Thus, this conclusion can be applied to any person.
I
believe that Facebook is most popular among our participants and I speculate
that over 50% of our participants would agree. In fact, according to our
surveys, Facebook might not be the most popular among our participants. The
data shows that 40% of participants like using Facebook, 25% of them like using
Instagram, 18% of them like using others, and 17% of them like using another
social media. Strictly speaking, this hypothesis is not totally right because
the ratio of like using Facebook is lower than expected. I fail to consider the
diversity of social media since I make this assumption based on my experience.
People use different social media for different purposes. For example, if this
person is work oriented, he would probably use Linkedin.
I
believe that the undergraduate respondents would report spending more time on
the social media than the graduate students do. In fact, we found that this
hypothesis is true. Approximately 56% of undergraduate respondents claim that
they use social media more than two hours a day while 46% of graduate
respondents say that they use social media more than two hours a day. Another
interesting difference between undergraduate student and graduate student is
that over 50% of undergraduate students claim that social media can be helpful
for better studies while less than 50% of graduate students say that it helps
their learning. This result is interesting because it reflects different ways
of thinking between these two groups. The detail would be discussed in the next
section. Apart from the difference between undergraduate and graduate students,
there are similar points with these groups. For example, we found that both
groups report that their passion for using social media is checking the news.
For over half of numbers in both groups claim that they like reading news when
using social media applications.
I believe that our participants that
are originally from Texas would be less in favor of government control of the
personal privacy in social media than other Americans from other states do. In
fact, we found that it is a partially right. Approximately 30% of Texans
participants claim that government does not need to take actions to protect
personal privacy in social media while 29% of them say yes. Although the number
of Texans responds who are less in favor of government help is larger than
Texans who say yes to government help, there are still 41% of them remain not
sure or it depends on. For the participants from other states, the data are as
following. 40% of Non-Texans respondents claim they want the government to
protect their privacy in social media, 22% of them said they don’t want to, and
38% of them remains " It depends". Comparing Texans with non-Texans
respondents, we can find that Texans respondents are less likely to want the
government control on this issue. Since I am a foreigner, the information I get
is from other people who have been in Texas. They may be right or wrong. One of the things I heard from others most is
that Texans tend to be conservative, and want the government to leave their
business alone. For this issue, obviously, the typical type of Texans cannot be
applied here. The possible reason is that they might be open to this issue.
I was especially interested in question
18 on the social media section. The question is "How do you respond to
conflicts in social media". Comparing Texans group with non-Texans group,
we found that over 60% of these two groups claim that they avoid the conflicts.
Besides, we also found that undergraduate and graduate students tend to avoid
the conflicts in social media. More than half people in both groups claim this
answer.
We also found another interesting fact
that undergraduate students tend to use social media during the class for
non-class purpose, while graduate students tend to try to avoid it. Over 50% of
undergraduate students use social media during the class whether they think
it’s ok or bad. However, while for graduate students, more than half claim that
they try to use social media during the class. This finding is important
because it reflects more mature learning attitude toward the class.
Discussion
Female students spend more time on
social media than male students do. This finding can show the habits of using
social media between two genders. Male students tend to use social media to
connect with old friends from time to time, while female students prefer to
chat with their friends through the social media and when they feel lonely,
they tend to find the company on the social media. Naturally, this result can
be expected. Among our participants, 40% of them claims that they use it
regularly. This figure is not as high as our expected. The major reasons are
that there are many different social media with diverse features. Our
participants may use them for many purposes. Facebook is for social networking,
Linkedin is for job searching, and so on.
Social
media brings lots of advantages to their life, for example, most of our
participants claim that it helps a lot in their social networking. It is
difficult for them not to use the social media for a single day. Therefore, in
our young generation, social media has played an irreplaceable role in their
life.
Another issue we want to discuss is the
difference between undergraduate students and graduate students. Overall,
undergraduate students spend more time on the social media than graduate
students do. This result is important because it gives us insight behind this
data. First, we can think about what makes these two results big difference.
From my personal experience, when I was an undergraduate student, I usually had
a plenty of time to learn other things, develop my interests, hang on with my
friends or do something I like except for the midterm and final. Now, I am a
graduate student. In my study, I need to read lots of papers, design and do
some experiments, after that, I must interpret the data, and make a PowerPoint
for presentation to my advisor. Besides, courses become more difficult than the
undergraduate level courses and lecturers give graduate students more home
works, projects, and exams. Most of the time are spent on the academy. I just
have little time using social media when I go home.
Another difference is that graduate students
tend to think that social media cannot help their studying while undergraduate
think opposite way. The reason is that graduate students tend to concentrate
their studying more since it requires lots of time and efforts to understand
the concepts and knowledge. In the other hand, the studying material for
undergraduate is easier and in which it does not require lots of time, so they
have time to use social media during studying. They claim that this result is
because they can use social media for few minutes as the rest which can improve
their efficiency of studying. For the similar point, the both groups are like
checking the news through the social media. It is a usual phenomenon. Nowadays,
fewer and fewer young people watched the news on TV. Most of them, when they
check on Facebook, they may read some news shown on the post. Besides, we also
find an interesting result. Graduate students try to avoid using social media
during class while undergraduate students use it during the class. This results
can reflect difference attitude of two groups. Graduate students, they
concentrate more on the class and be more serious on their studying while
undergraduate students just want to use it to kill the time during the class
and sometimes they may even lose their focus on the class because they may
think the material is boring or not interesting.
Finally,
I would like to discuss the Texans and non-Texans’ conceptions about the
government control of the personal privacy in social media. It is believed that
Texans do not want their government to interrupt their business. In this case,
some of them tend to want the government to protect their privacy in the social
media and some of them do not want the government help. Still, lots of people
remain not sure or it depends on. I think this issue is not related to the
money but related to the personal thought about this. Thus, different people
has different opinions toward this issue. Non-Texans show the same result. This
result is involved the personal issue so it may cause diverse results. Both
Texans or non-Texans groups claim that they avoid conflicts in social media.
This result shows that most of our respondents are the
peacemaker
and they don’t want the fight with others on the social media though it is anonymous.
Graduate and undergraduate students also show the same results.
There
are lots of limitations in this study. First, we just have around 296 samples
which are not enough to be representative. If we have time and funding, we are
a willingness to do 1000 samples or even 3000 samples. Besides, since we ask
people to do the survey randomly, we fail to consider the number of responds
for a different department. What we can do the next time is that we can ask 200
responds for each department so that it would be more convincing. Second, we
heard that many respondents complained that the survey is too long. I suggest
that we do not make four sections in the same survey; instead, we should do it
separately. In this way, responds won’t spend lots of time reading and filling
in the survey. Finally, I think the format of the survey is not good because it
was too crowded and there was little space between questions. Next time when we
need design the survey, this factor should also be considered. In my opinion,
we can ask some designers to design typesetting to make our survey more
readable and clear. Third, I think that our survey should be more logical and
consistent, and have certain relations between questions. Our survey seems a
little bit random since everyone writes various issues even on the same topics.
It would be better that we fix the issue on the same topics so that we can have
more solid and concrete study. Finally, if our respondents are restricted to
the Texas Tech Community, I think that faculty in the Texas Tech University
should also play an important role in the community. Without these faculty, the
school would lose its functions. As a result, to make our survey more
compelling and more representative, both students and faculty should be
included in our study. Other suggestion I would make is that since our
classmates are from different departments, they can ask students who also from
those different departments to fill in the survey. In this way, we could have
avoided having too many engineers. If no one is from that department, we need
to cooperate with each other to get the job done, but it would not have been
easy to be truly representative.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we found what we wanted
and what we interested in based on the results of the survey. We found that the
difference using habits on social media between male and female. Besides, we
also found that the difference between undergraduate and graduate students on
the social media issue. Lastly, we knew that Texans and Non-Texans’ conceptions
about the privacy on the social media are similar and they all supported
government control of the privacy on the social media. Although this survey may
not be perfect, we had tried our best to do it. This survey is useful because
we can know the conceptions of young generations about the social media issues
especially for social scientists and educator in the Texas Tech University.
Although this survey may still have had its drawbacks, we tried our best to
make it better and make it interesting. With this experience, next time, I
think that we could think a better way to get a solid and convincing results.
This research work is interesting to
me. From collecting the data to write a whole research paper, each step is
challenging for me. From these steps, I not only learned how to write a good
research paper but also learned how to communicate with American Students. In
brief, it was a good experience to me.
Bibliography
Davis, R.
(2013, April 24). Social media use may lead to poor grades. The Brown Daily Herald. Retrieved
September 29, 2016, from http://www.browndailyherald.com/2013/04/24/social-media-use-may-lead-to-poor-grades/
Dunn, J.
(2011, July 11). The 10 best and worst ways social media impacts education. Edudemic. Retrieved September 29, 2016,
from http://www.edudemic.com/social-media-education/
Erin, A.
(2014, April 8). Can social media make you happier? Socialnomics Blog. Retrieved September 29, 2016, from http://socialnomics.net/2014/04/08/can-social-media-make-you-happier/
Karadkar, A.
(2015, September 13). The impact of social media on student life. Technician. Retrieved September 29,
2016, from http://www.technicianonline.com/opinion/article_d1142b70-5a92-11e5-86b4-cb7c98a6e45f.html
Leopold, T.
(2015, May 1). Can social media make you happy? CNN. Retrieved September29, 2016, from http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/01/living/feat-happiness-social-media/
Park, A.
(2014, March 12). This is how you spread your emotions on Facebook. Time. Retrieved September 29, 2016, from
http://time.com/21901/being-on-facebook-can-actually-make-us-happier/
Probst, C.
(2015, August 31). 10 ways social media affects mental health. Degreed Blog. Retrieved September 29, 2016, from http://blog.degreed.com/10-ways-social-media-affects-our-mental-health/
Schill, R.
(2011, August 24). Social networking teens more likely to drink or use drugs,
study finds. Juvenile Justice Information
Exchange. Retrieved September 29, 2016, from
http://jjie.org/teens-on-facebook-more-likely-drink-or-use-drugs-study-finds/20713/
Udorie, J. E. (2015, September 16). Social media
is harming the mental health of teenagers. Theguardian.
Retrieved September 29, 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/16/social-media-mental-health-teenagers-government-pshe-lessons
Wallace, K. (2014, October 7). The upside of selfies: Social media isn't
all bad for kids. CNN. Retrieved
September 29, 2016, from http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/21/living/social-media-positives-teens-parents/
Whiteman, H. (2015, June 10). Social media: How does
it affect our mental health and well-being? Medicalnewstoday.
Retrieved September 29, 2016, from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/275361.php?page=2
Widdowson, M. (2016, May 3). Is social media
making people depressed? World Economic
Forum. Retrieved September 29, 2016, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/05/is-social-media-making-people-depressed
Appendix
Survey LinkResearch on Testing Tech’s Students’ Perceptions of Parental Leave_____by Jin
Research on Testing
Tech’s Students’ Perceptions of Parental Leave
Jin Hao
Dec.6th 2016
Abstract
The paper is aimed to test Texas Tech’s
students’ perceptions of parental leave. Firstly, a thorough literature review
including 15 news articles was made for us to obtain the basic perception of low
parental leave coverage in the United States now. Secondly, based on the
literature review, five hypotheses of different angles were made to compare
with students’ potential reactions. Then a questionnaire was made by ourselves,
allocated to students in Tech and combined together for analysis in the end. According
to the data of our survey, basic judgements on five hypotheses towards Tech
students’ perceptions was made, which were different to the author’s
predictions. The paper also discusses possible reasons for the difference and
proposes some revising advice for the questionnaire.
Keywords:
perceptions; parental leave
Introduction
In recent years, there has been much
debate over the parental leave in United States. As a group of students together
researching on the parental leave now, we are interested in the TTU students’
perceptions of parental leave in the United States. From the beginning, several
definitions of parental leave of different stages should be clarified to be the
basis of further discussion. To be specific, parental leave is an employee’s
welfare which consists of maternal leave, paternal leave and even adoptive
leave. Maternity leave is used to describe a particular period that a mother
could be absent from work to take care of her child for some reasons, for
example, breastfeeding or soothing. Similarly, paternal leave is used to define
the same particular period for a father. Though mothers are considered to put
more emphasis on the family issues conventionally, fathers are being influenced
by both the importance of men in family education and the equality of genders
these days. In this case, fathers have become more aware of the right they
should have on family issues and now many countries provide the right called
paternal leave for that reason.
However, in the United States, the
country with traditional low degree of motivation to interfere with economic
issues, there are few parents covered by parental leave currently. Even unpaid
parental leave is hard to find. From the other countries’ experience, we know
that men play as important a role as women on prompting parental leave. Thus, I
am also interested in the people’s perception of men’s attitude towards
parental leave in Texas Tech University and tried to make several hypotheses of
people’s perception based on the intense literature review and following survey
results later.
Literature
Review and Hypothesis
The United States is one of the developed countries which possesses a extremely
low coverage of parental leave and the only developed country which doesn’t
provide governmental mandated maternal leave, according to Wojcicki (2016). Due
to the highly competitive environment having lasted for a long time, it is
believed that real changes can only happen when federal governments make laws
to enforce states and companies to obey, according to both Wojcicki (2016) and
Starner (2016). According to the
literature review above, I think it is reasonable to make the following
hypothesis: most students would believe that the coverage of parental leave
becomes stagnant unless federal governments interfere with the parental leave issue.
For most employers unaccustomed to
parental leave, it would be harder for women with children to get employed by
them. Mr. Henderson (2016) mentioned that that the economic pressure of
parental leave would be borne both by people who take advantage of it, and even
also by people who do not. What’s more, he concluded that the only way in which
the extended parental leave would not hurt employees is if it is largely supported
by much wealthier tax payers. In addition, there is no doubt that parental
leave is necessary for parents, since the vulnerability of infants really
matters and they couldn’t always rely on private institutes’ service, according
to May (2016). According to the
literature review above, I think it is reasonable to make the following
hypothesis: most students would believe that the parental leave itself is
necessary for parents.
Even though parental leave is provided,
employers would try to let their employees take the leave to the least extent
by proposing particular policies, which could create a recessive discrimination
on those who take full parental leaves in the end. As Dearborn (2016) said
taking parental leave leads mothers to be cut off from important projects,
promotions and raises. Moreover, Mayer (2016) mentioned that the result of a
survey in which 36% of men would not take parental leave since they thought taking
parental leave could be seen as a sign of a lack of commitment. In this case,
nearly all parents need to process an inevitable trade-off between holidays and
stereotype before they make the final decision. According to the literature review above, I think it is
reasonable to make the following hypothesis: most students would believe that
the widely recessive discrimination on employees who take full parental leaves
is the main reason that would cause them to hesitate when it was available for
them to take full parental leave.
However, there are still some employers
giving prefect examples to employees and also other fellows for promoting the parental
leave. For instance, Garcia (2016) mentioned that Facebook CEO, Mark Zuckerberg
took a parental leave of about two months, which exceeded that of most of the
parents in America. In other words, bosses taking parental leave is one of the
keys to supporting parental leave substantially. In addition, many high-tech
companies in Silicon Valley, such as Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Adobe and
Netfix, provide fully paid parental leave, according to Greenburg (2015). Those
companies regard the policy of paid parental leave as an attraction for both
current and prospective qualified employees. Finally, they would gain better
long-run outcomes in terms of direct profit and human resources. Tech companies
always change the way of people’s lives, as they do while promoting parental
leave. As Peck (2015) mentioned, some banking companies planned to extend the
length of paid maternal leave since they have to compete with tech companies at
all rounds. In the end, there could be more companies offering better quality
parental leave. According to the
literature review above, I think it is reasonable to make the following
hypothesis: most students would believe that whether a company provides parental
leave becomes an important issue when one is comparing several offers in hand.
As Bluethmann (2016) said, most men take
much less or even no paternal leave, since they are quite largely influenced by
the stereotype of male shaped by their companies and the society. A lot of
people ignore the importance of paternal leave, even the electorate of an American
president. As Bethell (2016) mentioned, Donald Trump announced a proposal of
six weeks parental leave but it didn’t cover the needs of fathers at all.
However, as time passes by, more fathers have become aware of that their care
for their child is important to their wives. And some companies have begun to
make parental leave neutral of genders and provided parental leave tot fathers
as well, according to Pinsker (2016). According to the literature review above, I think it is reasonable to
make the following hypothesis: most students would believe that fatherhood
plays an important role in raising infants and men’s awareness of their equal
rights helps promoting both maternal leave and paternal leave; thus, they will
say that paternal leave should be improved in the future as well.
Method
Section
We aimed to analyze the perception of people in Texas Tech University of
several different social issues, including social media, parental leave and
Black Lives Matter. Thus we designed a corresponding questionnaire and
collected data after giving out and circulating questionnaires on campus. I was
especially interested in people’s perception of men’s attitude towards parental
leave; thus I designed the eighth and ninth questions of the parental leave
section.
The two-page questionnaire used for the
survey consisted of detailed demographic questions of age, gender, educational
level, hometown and family status, and three sections corresponding to these
three separate social issues we were collectively interested in. 18 questions
were prepared for measuring people’s perception of social media on the first
page, nine questions were for parental leave, and another nine were for Black
Lives Matter, both on the second page. Most questions required volunteers to
choose a single scale representing their perception of social issues. The characteristic
of easy reading and writing could balance for the big volume of the
questionnaire.
For the data collecting, we made an
agreement that each student of our class took 13 questionnaires at the
beginning. Among the questionnaires, six were for men, six were for women and
the last one was for he or she to complete himself or herself. On one morning I
gave out mine at different places, including my department, the engineering
center, the chemistry building, the SUB, and the library. Most people were
willing to help me as long as I explained clearly about the process and chose
the people that were not busy. What surprised me was that they were all
interested in these social topics selected. In the end, I got only five refusals,
and exactly 12 surveys of exact equal sex ratio. All surveys were valid since
my volunteers completed all questions perfectly.
For two classes of academic writing,
there were 294 people (students, faculty and staff) from Texas Tech University
volunteering to participate in the survey, including 149 men and 144 women,
ranging in age from 18 to over 29 years old. The ratio of sex was kept almost
balanced. Data of uncompleted surveys were eliminated automatically to ensure
the validity. However, we still could not make sure that volunteers were
exactly randomly selected from the whole population in Texas Tech University,
due to our limited time and funding. We have to admit that rather than doing a
scientific research on social issues, experiencing the writing process was our
major concern.
Result
Section
Having collected all the
data from our 289 valid questionnaires of parental leave, now I am able to
judge my previous hypotheses based on people’s perceptions. Firstly, we could
not simply speculate that most students would believe the coverage of parental
leave would become stagnant unless federal governments interfere with the parental
leave’s issue, as which was stated in my literature review and hypothesis part
posted at the beginning. The first question of the questionnaire is the one that
could effectively test people’s perception for my first hypothesis. If one
agrees that the government should make and mandate policy of parental leave, he
or she tends to agree with my hypothesis. We could see that more than half of
the volunteers chose ‘yes’. However, there is also a substantial portion of
non-positive answers such as ‘no’ and ‘don’t know’. To be specific, 56% of
people chose ‘yes’, 23% of people chose ‘don’t know’, while the remaining 21%
of people chose ‘no’ according to the survey’s results. In my opinion, 56%
could not be simply defined as ‘most’ so I wouldn’t derive the agreement with
my first hypothesis directly.
Secondly, we could partly reject the
hypothesis that most students would believe recessive discrimination from boss
and peer would hamper their motivation to take full parental leaves. The second
question of the questionnaire asked people’s perception for that exactly. If
one’s answer is ‘no’, he or she would be more inclined to admit the influence
of recessive discrimination on making decisions. What’s more, people selecting
‘yes’ could also be sort of aware of the potential discrimination though they finally
chose to do what they thought was good for babies under the scheme of their
companies. In a word, we should not simply wipe out those people choosing ‘yes’
while estimating the perception of discrimination on taking parental leaves. Here
we assume that people selecting ‘yes’ have overall less tendency to be aware of
the discrimination than those selecting ‘no’ or ‘maybe’. According to the
survey’s results, more people chose ‘yes’ or ‘maybe’ rather than ‘no’. Actually
there were only 14% of people answering ‘no’, 27% of people answering ‘maybe’
and the remaining of 59% of people answering ‘yes’.
Thirdly, the hypothesis that most students
would regard parental leave as an important bonus while choosing offers should
be partly accepted. The third question of the questionnaire collected people’s
perception of that. He or she would be in strong favor of my hypothesis as long
as the answer is ‘yes’, and the answer of ‘maybe’ represents weaker support as
well. From my perspective, people would not care about the existence of
parental leave at all if they were strongly opposed to parental leave, or at least
didn’t regard it as a vital welfare desired. In other words, it is reasonable
for us to assume that the more positive his or her answer is, the more
important parental leave is. According to the survey’s results, more people
voted for ‘yes’ than ‘maybe’ and ‘no’, and the portion showing the strong favor
exceeds the half. To be specific, 56% of people voted for ‘yes’, 25% of people
voted for ‘maybe’ while the rest 19% of people voted for ‘no’.
Then, we could not simply speculate
that most students believe paternal leave should be improved in the future,
which was presented in my literature review and hypothesis part posted at the
beginning. The seventh question of the questionnaire asked volunteer to select
an ideal scale representing the portion of paternal leave to maternal leave in
the future. This question could clearly reveal people’s perception for what we
should do towards paternal leave, since the assumed given length of maternal
and paternal leave in the questionnaire are quite closed to what they are now,
which I can assure is true after thorough literature review about the current
condition of parental leave in the United States. In general, answers of
‘parental leave should be extended’ and ‘paternal leave should be equal to maternity
leave’ show agreement with my hypothesis because the assumed proportion is
twelve. In addition, more people chose ‘paternal leave should be extended’ and
‘paternal leave should be equal to maternal leave’ over other non-positive
answers, according to the results. Actually, 61% of people voted for those two
positive answers, and 25% of people opposed improving paternal leave, while the
other 14% showed discernment or neutrality for this issue. In my opinion, 61%
could not simply be defined as ‘most’, either.
For my hypothesis testing people’s
perception of the necessity of parental leave, we could regard it as kind of similar
to the third hypothesis discussing the importance of parental leave. Thus, the
second question of the questionnaire gives a direct instruction. Now we could
analyze the perception even more simply. Those who answered ‘No’, don’t care about
paid parental leave while choosing offers. They would show a negative attitude
towards the necessity of parental leave as well. According to the survey’s
results, more people voted for ‘yes’ than ‘maybe’ and ‘no’, and the portion
showing negative attitude is small. To be specific, 56% of people voted for
‘yes’, 25% of people voted for ‘maybe’ while 19% of people voted for ‘no’. Similarly,
we partly accept the hypothesis in the end.
I still found some more valuable
results other than those that could be directly linked to my hypothesis. From
the result of the eighth question of the questionnaire, we could find that in
general, men and women’s perception of unmarried men’s attitude towards
parental leave are surprisingly closed to each other. For example, 39 women and
41 men chose ‘yes’ toward the question, seven women and eight men chose ‘no’,
46 women and 44 men chose ‘may be’, while 26 women and 26 men chose ‘don’t
know’. In conclusion, based on the mutual perception, there would be 14% of
single men choosing ‘yes’, 3% of single man choosing ‘no’, and 16% of single men
choosing ‘may be’, while 9% of single men would choose ‘don’t know’ towards the
question. In general, both groups of men and women present positive belief on
single men’s perception of paid parental leave, since positive answers are more
than negative ones. Moreover, when single men face the question, their
collective response desires analyzing since it represents single men’s common
sense towards the question directly. Nevertheless, we could not get the desired
data of single men since we have no one choice showing their single status or
not in the demographic part of the questionnaire, which could be improved for
the next time to gather more deep conclusions.
What’s more, if people chose a positive
answer towards the first question, there is higher possibility for them to
choose a positive answer towards the sixth question, compared with those
choosing non-positive answer to the first question. In other words, these two
questions show somehow similar interests inherently. Now to judge the attitude
towards the sixth question, we would calculate the average number. The number
ranges from one to five and the larger the number is, the more benefit parental
leave would bring to us. According to the survey’s result, the response of
those having chosen ‘yes’ for the first question to the sixth question is 3.9,
the response of those having chosen ‘don’t know’ for the first question to the
sixth question is 3.6, while the one of those having chosen ‘no’ is 2.8. These
results show that there are some correlations of people’s perception of
governmental-driven policy on parental leave and the outcome parental leave
could bring to the whole society. The more they agree that government should
make mandatory polices for parental leave, the more likely they consider
parental leave beneficial.
Discussion
Section
Though many of my hypotheses could
only be partially accepted or rejected, there are still lots of issues desiring
further discussion. From the results we found that they showed overall a more
positive attitude towards paid parental leave. Slightly more than half of
people proposed governmental-driven policies, and believed in the benefits of
paid parental leave. This is a bit different from my prediction of their
perceptions, and there are three probable reasons to illustrate their overall
perceptions here.
Firstly, students are more inclined to
be so-called idealists regarding social welfare issues, compared with elder
people, according to my own experience. Definitely, almost everyone knows that the
welfare, like paid parental leave, is better than nothing if no one needs to
pay for it in the end. However, there must be some people paying for the
welfare, which is a fact that couldn’t be rejected at all. Then things become totally
different, even if you insist on supporting paid parental leave after knowing
and admitting the fact. From my perspective, students are relatively lacking in
social experience in general, so they tend to make things simpler than elder
people especially when different stakeholders are included in the complex issue.
In other words, students might care about the value most, though some of them
admit that it would be utopian to pursue the value based on their social
perceptions.
Secondly, for the particular occasion
when Texas joined the union and the solid foundation of conservative value,
most residents in Texas tend to reject union governmental intervention. In
addition, paid parental leave is partly a representative of governmental
intervention in the United States, too. So I made the hypothesis that Tech
students would show overall negative attitudes to parental leave. However, don’t
neglect that there are still lots of students from outside Texas taking our
survey. Though it is reasonable to speculate that they were attracted by Tech
since they pleasantly accepted the prevalent conservative value in west Texas
at the beginning, I don’t think value is the only criteria for students to
choose a target university. They might consider financial or scholastic issues
as well. For example, if a student plan to major in Petroleum Engineering, he
or she might be strongly interested in Tech. If a student in poverty really
desires undergraduate-level education and only Tech provides financial aids
with him or her among different offers, he or she might come to Tech directly. In
a word, Tech students outside Texas might agree or disagree with the
conservative value here, since the basis of selecting target universities could
be highly diversified, which makes Tech students respond quite differently to
parental leave. Some people think that when students outside Texas are immersed
in the conservative value in west Texas, they might be influenced more or less.
I think that’s correct but the influence from non-Texas students to Texas
students could occur as well. Thus we could not simply speculate that only
students become conservative but no ones become liberal after several years
study in Tech. Moreover, we could not label one Texas student as conservative
or label one non-Texas student as liberal, since everyone is an individual
though collective values exist.
Finally, some students
may benefit a lot from other social welfare proposed by governments at
different stages, so they might show overall positive attitudes to similar
policies driven by governments unconsciously.
Moreover, we have to admit that the
survey could be improved a lot in the future. In the first place, the process
of collecting data could be designed to be more evenly distributed within the
university. From my perspective, the distribution should consider different
locations or time as well, besides just controlling for sex ratio. You might
have the higher probability getting similar responses over a specific social issue
if you receive questionnaires from only one place as opposed to different
places. For example, you would find that students of social science are more
likely to agree that paid parental leave is necessary, and you would find them
more frequently if you choose to allocate your questionnaires just outside the building
of social science in Texas Tech University. What’s more, we have to notice that
even students without social experience could be current or potential stakeholders
for a social issue too, which could affect their attitudes unconsciously.
Secondly, the questionnaire itself
could be further revised as well, since many questions don’t provide perfect
direction to our hypotheses at all. At the beginning, every one of us had to
make five hypotheses. Nevertheless, the size of the questionnaire was rather limited,
and finally only two questions were uploaded. It is hard to make two questions
cover all hypotheses made before. In addition, some questions need further
explanation. For instance, the last question of parental leave initially was
designed to test people’s perception of whether other groups of employees
should be taken into consideration or not, other than pregnant women. However,
it used ‘broaden the coverage’, which was quite vague. And the way it asks
should be revised as well since there shouldn’t be an incompatible relationship
between extending pregnant women’s length of paid parental leave and further
care of other groups’ welfare at all. For the eighth question, we wanted to
test the perception of unmarried men but we forgot to add the choices of
marital status in the demographic part. The filter could provide us with great
comparison of humans’ perceptions.
Conclusion
According to the data of our survey,
basic judgements on five hypotheses towards Tech students’ perceptions was
made. Most of these judgements gave us the impression that more than half of
Tech’s students tended to favor both maternal and paternal leave, admit
parental leave’s necessity and benefits, and even support governmental-driven
policies on parental leave issues. Nevertheless, the impression was quite
different to what I thought they would like to be. To illustrate the
difference, probably we have to consider the ordinary value hold by younger
people on social welfare issues innately, the potential of their identity of
stakeholder on social welfare issues and the diversified reasons of coming to
Tech for study. Moreover, we shouldn’t neglect the huge potential of our
questionnaire’s revising, which could influence our research.
Appendix
Survey Link
Bibliography
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